Welcome to Chapter 2: Drugs Used in Different Diseases. Here's a comprehensive guide for your Pharmacology exam, including short questions, long questions, interactive MCQs, and a self-assessment test to check your preparation level.
🔹 IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Atropine
- Use: Bradycardia, poisoning
- Mechanism: Blocks muscarinic receptors
- Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation
- Adrenaline
- Use: Shock, asthma, cardiac arrest
- Mechanism: Stimulates alpha & beta receptors
- Adverse Effects: Fast heartbeat, anxiety, hypertension
- Pilocarpine
- Use: Glaucoma
- Mechanism: Muscarinic agonist
- Adverse Effects: Sweating, salivation, blurred vision
2. Clinically Important ANS Drugs
- Propranolol
- Use: Hypertension, angina
- Mechanism: Beta blocker
- Adverse Effects: Bradycardia, fatigue, bronchospasm
- Salbutamol
- Use: Asthma
- Mechanism: Beta-2 agonist
- Adverse Effects: Tremor, tachycardia, headache
- Atropine
- Use: Bradycardia
- Mechanism: Blocks parasympathetic action
- Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, constipation
3. Drugs Used in Glaucoma
- Timolol
- Use: Glaucoma
- Mechanism: Decrease aqueous humor
- Adverse Effects: Burning, irritation, slow pulse
- Pilocarpine
- Use: Glaucoma
- Mechanism: Increases fluid drainage
- Adverse Effects: Blurred vision, sweating
- Acetazolamide
- Use: Glaucoma
- Mechanism: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- Adverse Effects: Diuresis, tingling, acidosis
4. Drugs Used in Angina
- Nitroglycerin
- Use: Chest pain
- Mechanism: Vasodilation
- Adverse Effects: Headache, dizziness, low BP
- Atenolol
- Use: Angina, HTN
- Mechanism: Beta blocker
- Adverse Effects: Slow pulse, weakness
- Isosorbide dinitrate
- Use: Angina
- Mechanism: Vasodilation
- Adverse Effects: Headache, flushing
5. Drugs Used in Hypertension
- Amlodipine
- Use: High BP
- Mechanism: Calcium channel blocker
- Adverse Effects: Swelling, dizziness
- Enalapril
- Use: Hypertension
- Mechanism: ACE inhibitor
- Adverse Effects: Dry cough, low BP
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Use: Hypertension
- Mechanism: Diuretic
- Adverse Effects: Dehydration, weakness
6. Drugs Acting on Respiratory System
- Salbutamol
- Use: Asthma
- Mechanism: Bronchodilation
- Adverse Effects: Tremor, tachycardia
- Theophylline
- Use: Asthma, COPD
- Mechanism: Relaxes bronchi
- Adverse Effects: Nausea, insomnia
- Bromhexine
- Use: Cough with mucus
- Mechanism: Mucolytic
- Adverse Effects: Gastric irritation
7. Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutic Agents
- Penicillin
- Use: Bacterial infection
- Mechanism: Stops cell wall synthesis
- Adverse Effects: Allergy, rash
- Tetracycline
- Use: Acne, infection
- Mechanism: Stops protein synthesis
- Adverse Effects: Teeth stains, nausea
- Ciprofloxacin
- Use: UTI, typhoid
- Mechanism: Inhibits DNA gyrase
- Adverse Effects: Dizziness, nausea
8. Drugs Acting on Blood
- Aspirin
- Use: Prevent clot
- Mechanism: Anti-platelet
- Adverse Effects: Bleeding, ulcer
- Heparin
- Use: Prevent clot
- Mechanism: Anticoagulant
- Adverse Effects: Bleeding, bruising
- Iron
- Use: Anemia
- Mechanism: Hb formation
- Adverse Effects: Constipation, nausea
9. Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract
- Omeprazole
- Use: Ulcer, acidity
- Mechanism: Proton pump inhibitor
- Adverse Effects: Headache, diarrhea
- Metoclopramide
- Use: Vomiting
- Mechanism: Increases gut motility
- Adverse Effects: Drowsiness, diarrhea
- Loperamide
- Use: Diarrhea
- Mechanism: Slows intestine movement
- Adverse Effects: Constipation, cramps
10. Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
- Diazepam
- Use: Anxiety, fits
- Mechanism: CNS depressant
- Adverse Effects: Sleepiness, weakness
- Paracetamol
- Use: Pain, fever
- Mechanism: Analgesic
- Adverse Effects: Liver damage overdose
- Phenytoin
- Use: Epilepsy
- Mechanism: Stabilizes neurons
- Adverse Effects: Gum swelling, dizziness
11. Toxicology
- Activated Charcoal
- Use: Poisoning
- Mechanism: Adsorbs poison
- Adverse Effects: Constipation
- Naloxone
- Use: Opioid overdose
- Mechanism: Opioid antagonist
- Adverse Effects: Withdrawal symptoms
- Atropine
- Use: Organophosphate poisoning
- Mechanism: Muscarinic blocker
- Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision
12. Antidotes
The following are important antidotes with their uses, mechanisms, and adverse effects as described above:
- Activated Charcoal
- Naloxone
- Atropine
13. Treatment of Over-dosage and Poisoning
- 1. Gastric lavage
- 2. Activated charcoal
- 3. Specific antidote
- 4. IV fluids
- 5. Supportive treatment
🔹 SHORT QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What is the use of Atropine (ANS)?
Answer: Atropine is used for bradycardia and poisoning.
2. What is the mechanism of action of Adrenaline?
Answer: Adrenaline stimulates alpha & beta receptors.
3. Name an adverse effect of Pilocarpine.
Answer: Adverse effects of Pilocarpine include sweating, salivation, or blurred vision.
4. What is Propranolol used for?
Answer: Propranolol is used for hypertension and angina.
5. How does Salbutamol work in asthma?
Answer: Salbutamol works as a Beta-2 agonist leading to bronchodilation.
6. Name a drug used to decrease aqueous humor in glaucoma.
Answer: Timolol is used to decrease aqueous humor in glaucoma.
7. What is the mechanism of action of Nitroglycerin?
Answer: Nitroglycerin causes vasodilation.
8. What class of drug is Amlodipine?
Answer: Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker.
9. Name an adverse effect of Enalapril.
Answer: A common adverse effect of Enalapril is dry cough.
10. What type of drug is Hydrochlorothiazide?
Answer: Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic.
11. What is Theophylline used for?
Answer: Theophylline is used for asthma and COPD.
12. What is the mechanism of Bromhexine?
Answer: Bromhexine is a mucolytic, used for cough with mucus.
13. How does Penicillin fight bacterial infections?
Answer: Penicillin stops bacterial cell wall synthesis.
14. Name an adverse effect of Tetracycline.
Answer: Tetracycline can cause teeth stains or nausea.
15. What is Ciprofloxacin used for?
Answer: Ciprofloxacin is used for UTIs and typhoid.
16. What is the main use of Aspirin related to blood?
Answer: Aspirin is used to prevent blood clots (anti-platelet action).
17. How does Heparin prevent clots?
Answer: Heparin acts as an anticoagulant.
18. What is Omeprazole used for?
Answer: Omeprazole is used for ulcers and acidity.
19. What is Metoclopramide used for?
Answer: Metoclopramide is used to treat vomiting by increasing gut motility.
20. What is Loperamide used for?
Answer: Loperamide is used to treat diarrhea by slowing intestine movement.
21. Name a use for Diazepam.
Answer: Diazepam is used for anxiety and fits.
22. What is a major adverse effect of Paracetamol overdose?
Answer: Liver damage.
23. What is Activated Charcoal used for?
Answer: Activated Charcoal is used for poisoning.
24. What is Naloxone used to treat?
Answer: Naloxone is used to treat opioid overdose.
25. Name one method for treating over-dosage/poisoning.
Answer: Gastric lavage, Activated charcoal, or Specific antidote.
✅ Interactive MCQs (Practice Mode)
Choose an option for each question and click "Check Answer" to see if you're correct. If wrong, it will tell you the right answer!
1. Atropine's mechanism of action involves:
2. Which drug is used for Glaucoma by acting as a muscarinic agonist?
3. A common adverse effect of Nitroglycerin is:
4. Enalapril is classified as an:
5. Which antibiotic works by stopping bacterial cell wall synthesis?
✅ Self-Assessment Test (Check Your Knowledge!)
Attempt these randomly generated questions to gauge your understanding. Click "Submit Test" at the end to see your score and detailed results.
